Surrounding areas of the swamps are usually dredged and sand-filled to enable it to support the mounting of crude oil well head and the laying of pipelines (Figure 5). We provide you with the latest breaking news. Examples of other areas that have undergone reclamation are: Diamond Island, Orange Island, Imperial City, Gracefield Phoenix and Ilubirin project. Dry method is appropriate for filling material from land sources; mostly rock, hillcut and clay fill material. An example is a construction project such as the installation of infrastructure on reclaimed coastal areas e.g. Restoration: it is the attempt to fully restore the original ecosystem. For indigenous vacations in Nigeria, Calabar is often the first location that comes to mind, hence why it's among the most beautiful cities in Nigeria. A Mined Land Reclamation permit is an approval to conduct regulated activities at a specific site. Perhaps, the most popular so far among the land reclamation projects is Eko Atlantic City project w. hich kick started in 2008. Landscape reclamation is intended for urban city expansion, road construction, housing project, crude oil exploration and sand mining. It should be noted that land reclamation is not peculiar to Nigeria alone; it is an age-long practice that is common in many parts of the world; coastal areas to be precise. Invasion of foreign species in coastal areas is another precursor to land reclamation activity aimed at remediating the sites in the Niger Delta region. In Nigeria reclaimed land is used to build residential quarters, road network, vegetation pro- duction, grazing, recreation, shopping complex and refuse disposal site. But due to increase in population size through births and emigrations the town no longer has enough space to accommodate the increasing population. The land reclaimed is known as reclamation ground or land fill . Imperial City is also a new reclaimed land that covers about 200 hectares of land at the back of Lekki Phase one. Some people believe that there is nothing that man cannot do. Terrestrial land form eventually evolves from an aquatic environment after solidification. The dredged soil that is evacuated from the river bottom is dumped on land surface and smothers coastal vegetation such as mangroves. They gradually occupy the area through seedling recruitment process. The entry of big machinery into the swamp had added more stress to the coast by destroying many soil-dwelling and benthic organisms. In the same vein, birds feed and nest in the dense foliage. For instance, oil field that is established in mangrove swamp. 5 Princes Gate Court, The sponsors are also of the view that it would make considerable impact in the economic development of Lagos and Nigeria due to its strategic location. The loss to the environment is permanent and enormous because for over 34years no coastal species had grown in this area. Mangroves provide various ecosystem services such as food, medicine, tools and construction materials. Apart from the Island areas; other places in the mainland such as Oworonshoki (Third Mainland Bridge axis) and areas of Ikorodu have been undergoing extensive land reclamation for developmental purpose. Im a fisherman, how am I supposed to survive, the man lamented. Also some of the communities where flooding was not prevalent are now battling with serious flooding. Industry experts are also concerned with the level of compliance with existing Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act No. This could lead to permanent loss of mangroves or other plant species of economic/medicinal importance and habitat for marine organisms and wildlife and their emigration to unaffected areas, thereby upsetting the ecological balance. Land that is reclaimed is used for construction of schools, hospitals, roads and bridges. London, SW7 2QJ, The African Development Bank, Africa Union and Africa50 launched the Alliance during COP27 last November with global partners: the African Union Development Agency, the. Government budget refers to an annual financial statement that denotes its anticipated expenditure and expected revenue generation in a fiscal year. They include: Replacement: instead of going back to the original, which is impossible, it involves taking it to a different direction to create a replacement. The Great Wall of Lagos will ensure that everyone living and working within the 10 square kilometres (6.2 miles) of reclaimed land for Eko Atlantic and the population of Victoria Island are protected from the sea, Frame assured. Examples of Land Reclamation The business district of Cebu City in the Philippines, Most of the coastline of the bustling Indian city of Mumbai, the Barceloneta area in Barcelona, Spain and Battery Park City in Manhattan, New York are all prominent examples of reclaimed land. I hope they are being done according to the best practices in order to protect the ecosystem., He concluded by saying that: land reclamation for the purpose of constructing properties in commercial quantities is risky.. 1. Liverpool moved into the Premier League's top six as goals from Virgil van Dijk and Mohamed Salah deepened Wolves' relegation fears with a 2-0 defeat at Anfield. Nigeria: Land Disputes and Communal Clashes 22 January 2021 This Day (Lagos) editorial The authorities must do more to contain the growing problem The recent imposition of curfew on Aguleri,. Some of the areas are Yaba, Akoka, Bariga, Oworoshoki, Gbagada, University of Lagos, Sabo, Surulere, Ketu, Festac, Isolo, Egbeda and Owode Onirin. (A) Graph of species population along sampling points (T1, T2 and T3) indicates a decrease in number of species from point T1 (high nutrient content) to point T3 (low nutrient content); and (B) graph of concentration of physico-chemicals along within sites T1, T2 and T3. The promise of accelerating growth, however, is questionable. A field observation made indicates that seeds at the end of the sand filled area had better growth than seeds at the mouth of the entrance of the balkanized sand. However, there are other types of land reclamation, depending on the type of fill material, topography of the seabed and the type of equipment available. During canalization, earth moving dredgers are deployed to excavate the benthic soil. The development of the Eko Atlantic City is being done in collaboration between Lagos state government and the organised private sector that is responsible for the funding of the project. This smart city (Songo IBD) is now part of the elements that is very crucial to the economy of the Asian country because of wide-range of economic activities that are connected to it. Political Map of Nigeria Map based on a UN map. Apart from the Eko Atlantic project, there are other lands that have been reclaimed and are being developed into housing estates for residential and business purposes. Oil and gas exploration is the main exploratory activity that occurs in the Niger Delta region. Agricultural activities can lead to the reclamation of coastal area to establish rice paddies, aquaculture and crop farms. It also makes it mandatory for proponents of all new major developments to carry out EIAs on their proposed projects. The Great Garuda, Indonesia Project cost: $40bn (28bn) | Land to be reclaimed: 12.5km2. Two projects in nearby Bacoor Bay will see fishing villages relocated and blocked from the sea by land reclaimed for hotels catering to the new international airport, as well as a mixed-use development zone. Segregation: this is when units or communities cluster together based on homogeneity of ideals or goals. Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. Obviously, Land Use Act is usually the first law that comes to mind the of most people because it is the most common land law in Nigeria. Landscape reclamation is intended for urban city expansion, road construction, housing project, crude oil exploration and sand mining. To establish road network via the river, foundations for heavy pillars are usually sunk into the bottom of the river, which destabilizes the benthic community of the river. The dehydration of the intertidal areas cuts off dissolved oxygen and food supply to aquatic species. Land reclamation is also known as land fill, it is the process of creating new land from ocean, riverbeds or lake beds. This could lead to the death of soil dwelling organisms. Also the Project Director, Arctic Infrastructure (AI), Mr. Lookman Oshodi, observed that in a city like Lagos where the per square kilometre of land available to a resident is relatively small, physical development is in spread form and cohesive approach to organise the city is not adequate, leading to competition over space which gives the outlook of the winner takes all. It is the returning of lands to an improved state. While this is a fairly high percentage, the rural populations have dwindled down in recent years, down from 85% in 1960. Largest cities in Nigeria in 2022 (in 1,000 individuals) Number of inhabitants in thousands Lagos Kano Ibadan Port Harcourt Benin City Kaduna Abuja Maiduguri Zaria Aba Jos Ilorin Oyo Enugu. Globally, half of the world mangroves have been destroyed [16] as people have reclaimed those areas as a result of coastal development. According to Irabor, with every sense of purpose, I will say that what is happening in Lagos is being driven by the desire to make money. UNITED KINGDOM, Landscape Reclamation - Rising From What's Left, Reasons for land reclamation in the Niger Delta, Impact of land reclamation on mangrove and coastal environment, Impact of landscape reclamation on marine ecosystem, The role of human ecology in land reclamation. It involves human beings because they are the ones that cause problems for biodiversity. Fast-growing cities in the Gulf and Southeast Asia are turning water into real estate at a spectacular pace and scale. On its right is the. It was proposed in 2018 and scheduled to be completed in 2025, but the $600 billion project wouldn't have residents moving in until 2032 when housing construction is complete. Nigeria has a total of 36 states, and 774 Local Government Areas that are spread across the 39th most populous country in the world. . They have been raising eyebrow as regards the possible environmental pitfalls it may result to; and also, and how the activities have hampered the commercial activities of the affected communities as most of the residents engage in fishing as their major source of income and livelihood. On its right is the popular Isale Eko, an. . In some occasions, it is filled with both. It is also designed in such a way that it will accommodate massive commercial and residential purposes. The provisions of the EIA Act No. The side of the sand filled area was piled up to form balkanization against the inflow of river water. According to him, disruption of the ecology would also have a negative impact on the people living in the affected area. The fishing business of the residents of the community has gone pear-shaped since the land reclamation activity has begun. The aim of acquiring land varies, but is mainly for possession and or production of goods and services to satisfy socio-economic and socio-cultural needs. Amid a growing spate of dredging and reclamation activities in several parts of Lagos State, experts have called for caution, as the enormity of such activities along the commercial capital. According to him, artificial land reclamation activities have been an age-long war between man and nature, noting that Lagos state government needs to get things right and be careful as the exercise could lead to disastrous consequence. Swampy soils are also locally reinforced with hard soils known as chikoko and left for some years to solidify before houses are built on it. Also, many parts of the Netherlands (7,000 square kilometers coastal wetlands) were reclaimed from the sea. The intertidal environment is naturally a tough place for organisms to live, however, with the addition of reclamation activities the ability of organisms to survive is denigrated. Sites T1, T2 and T3 are the end, middle and mouth of the sand fill area. The implication of these landscape reclamations is that the destruction of mangrove forests lead to a colossal loss of ecosystem services to the environment. Our fishing nets and traps have been damaged by the mud. Highly placed individuals prefer constructing their houses along coastal areas. Lagos - 8,048,430 Lagos is one of earth's largest urban areas. This could lead to the reduction in species composition and diversity of aquatic resources. Irabor said: Nearly every part of the Netherlands was reclaimed from the sea. Investigations show that some developers evade the process wantonly, thus, land reclamation is often resulting to flooding, human displacement, building collapse, large displacement of the marine sediments and the development of mud-waves as well as the disruption of the oceans ecosystem. Presence of sediments leads to the gradual formation of terrestrial areas, which becomes the habitat for plants. However, many land reclamation activities are not development-centered, but business-centered. Nigeria, officially known as the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country that is located on the western coast of Africa. This is because of land expansion activities such as urban development. It is also referred to as the process of improving lands to make them suitable for more intensive use. Accumulation of dredged spoil converts the swamp to terrestrial area and also changes the physico-chemistry of the coasts [3]. Therefore, the best option is to remediate it so that it will carry out its ecological functions even if it results to another landform. Not surprisingly, the country that is home to the largest population of the region also has by far the largest area under cultivation. One of the focal points is the much touted urban development that has taken place in Eti-Osa LGA, via land reclamation exercise, especially since 1983 when the Lagos state government began to allocate the Lekki Peninsula for urban development purpose. Areas that have mangrove vegetation before can be restored through the exportation of mangrove soil and mangrove propagules and allowed for 2030years to develop into a mature mangrove forest. Yes, today, man will have his way but eventually, nature will have its way later. The deadline for the reclamation activity is 2022. Land reclamation has been a common practice to produce valuable land in coastal areas . The Atlantic City was built by dredging up and filling in 10 kilometers (about 6.2 miles) worth of land. This affects the survival of soil-dwelling organisms by increasing the acidity and alkalinity of the soil. Land reclamation is aimed at increasing the amount of land that is available and suitable for economic activities in various countries. Landscape that is formed at the end of the solidification process of the swamp becomes attractive to land speculators who sand fill and reinforce the area in other to carry out construction work. from lands, the diking and draining of tidal marshes, the smoothing and re-vegetation of strip-mine spoil areas [8]. 3:02 am. Lending his voice on the matter, an environmentalist, Osawe Irabors view differs from those of Nwilo, Faniran and Afegbua. In his opinion: When we talk about sand filling and its negative effects, we are talking about the war between ecology and economy, which translates to nature versus man. Battery Park City is atop sand shipped from Staten Island. This estimate was made using Arc GIS [9]. Coastal area is in serious danger from land reclamation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. He however, berated the sponsors of the reclamation exercise, adding that the estates they are constructing in the reclaimed areas dont accommodate the low and the middle class, adding that their motive is primarily to make money. The result indicates that Potassium and magnesium had the highest concentration. Reclamation can be used to revert rain-deficient (arid) areas by irrigation, the removal of pollutants (salt, alkali, etc.) According to him, the ideal way is for the Ministries of Waterfront Infrastructure Development and Physical Planning and Urban Development to lead a Lagos Lagoon Management Plan, a 30-year master plan that will detail the usage, preservation and envision what Lagos Lagoon will look like in the next three decades. Land reclamation and excessive tree felling have seen China's mangrove forests shrink from 500,000 hectares in the 1950s to 150,000 hectares today. ( See also city; urban planning .) Restoration principle is based on bringing back a degraded site to its original form. Public Law 95-87 requires that the AML section reclaim . This method is suitable for granular fill. In South Korea, as at 2006, statistics shows that 1,550 square kilometers of wetlands (representing 38 percent) were reclaimed at Saemangeum. Land reclamation is a common problem in the cities. The average temperature in Nigeria is 28 degrees Celsius or 82.4 degrees Fahrenheit. Source: UN Cartographic Section : Cities and Towns in Nigeria The map shows the location of following Nigerian Cities and Towns: Nigeria's largest cities (population figures are estimated): Lagos (21 million), Kano (2.5 - 3 million), Ibadan (3.2 million), Abuja Other Cities and Towns in Nigeria: These phases include: (i) deforestation of mangrove forest (ii) consolidation of swamp with bulldozers, (iii) pumping of white sand from the sea bottom unto shore, (iv) sand filling of reclaimed land, and (v) construction activity e.g. A manufacturing company in the production of herbal drugs, Afroganiks, has called for more research on drugs produced from herbs, while noting that, Herbal products most of the time cause kidney problems and organ failure in the body because they are not well dosed.. The uppermost layer or photic zone is 10m of water and absorbs 80% of solar energy, which carries out primary productivity. The conversion of a coastal environment to a terrestrial environment is absolute and cannot be reversed. Bounded in the South by the Atlantic Ocean, the city is situated on the mainland, home to 70% of the city's population with series of islands and a peninsula that holds the remaining 30% (Ogunlesi, 2012). Increased turbidity leads to the blockage of light beyond water surface, thus hampering photosynthetic activities below the water surface such as the benthic region. Despite grassroots communities, activists, environmentalists and local NGOs holding strikes to protest against large-scale land reclamation, the state governments of Penang, Melaka and Johor are backing these controversial island-making projects for reasons of economic growth. Statistics have it that China reclaimed 13,455 hectares of land from the sea in 2010, resulting in earnings of more than 7.82 billion yuan.. Diamond Island is also seen as a cradle of commercial activities because the plots of lands there are available and meant for commercial, industrial and also residential activities. This means areas that had been cleared and sand filled could be opened up again to be interconnected with the river, so that it will gradually become alive and revert to its original form [11]. Canalization is done to enable ships to berth at the wharf, without running aground. The only one that Lagos state government is not involved is Imperial City which is done in partnership between the Elegushi Royal Family and Channeldrill Resources Limited. This situation thus necessitated the reclamation of coastal areas to create more space for human habitation. Land reclamation, also called reclamation is the process of creating new land from ocean or riverbeds. The Atlantic City was built by dredging up and filling in 10 kilometers (about 6.2 miles) worth of land. So, some observers are of the view that the recent flooding that are now common in these areas are not unconnected to the ongoing massive land reclamation. For instance, establishment of refinery in a locality leads to the reclamation of more coastal lands to harbor the cluster of people who come to seek for jobs. This system is usually used when the sea bed is shallow. Another example is the replacement of invasive nipa palm forest with native mangrove forests. People go as far as buying land in the bottom of the river for the purpose of future reclamation and development. So, they use a quote in the Bible which says a man has been given dominion status to justify the claim. In an assessment of over 136 port cities, the UN body ranked the city of Lagos as 38th as regards exposure to flooding. It is often considered in places that are densely populated and flat land is scarce. According to Wikipedia, land reclamation (land fill) is a process of creating new land from ocean, riverbeds, or lake beds. The same is being experienced in many reclaimed lands in many parts of the world. It also affects soil-dwelling organisms from adverse impact on water and soil quality. The area can be strictly protected against further anthropogenic activities to allow for evolutionary forces to change the restored environment. We basically try to establish new habitat type because we cannot establish historic ecosystem. Invasion: this is as a result of the migration of people into coastal communities in search of new technologies that provide job opportunities. It is the result of abiotic (physical and chemical) and biotic agents of change. 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