Example: moon. An object which does not allow light at all to pass through it, is called opaque object, e.g., wooden sheet, wall, etc. Answer: According to NASAs Navigation and Ancillary Information Facility, the portion present in the umbra is also within the penumbra. Question 11. The ray of light that falls on a plane mirror is called (b) moon The shape of shadow depends upon the (a) shape of the object (b) size of the object (c) size of source of light (d) colour of the source light Answer Question 22. Question 20. Example: Sun, bulb, etc. When an object is placed in front of a light source, we get a shade or dark region behind it, known as the shadow. (c) light bulb Example: moon. The shadows actual length on the ground is proportional to the cotangent of the elevation angle of the Sun () with respect to the horizon. Shadow gives information about Answer: The extent of reflection depends upon the shine and smoothness of the surface. All the planets and the moon are the . Answer: Since then, the incidence of the disease has been sporadic. List four natural sources of light.Answer: Question 12. What do you see? Shadows only occur outside. Question 23. Answer: (a) star Question 13. Question 4. Does the length of shadow also change from season to season? Shadow. (d) none of these, Question 12. Question 22. The sun, firefly, stars and fire. Answer: When a ray of light falls on a smooth and shiny surface, the whole of light is sent back in the same medium. (c) transparent object shailjarathore Answer: The area of shade formed by the obstruction is called the geometrical shadow. A blackboard is a luminous object. Translucent Object: An object which allows partial passage to light is called a translucent object. (c) both of these On the other hand, Answer: Then an image is observed similar to the one given : We observe that the light gets reflected from this mirror and it travels in straight lines. In case if the incidence angle is smaller, shadow is longer. One mans shadow can be anothers highlight. (c) opaque The endemic regions were identified in Africas central and western areas. Why is silvered glass used as a mirror? What are the essential conditions for formation of shadows? (d) What value of Parthiv is shown here? (b) erect In bright light this difference is more pronounced i.e. If an observer is placed in the antumbra region, then he/she can see an annular eclipse i.e. WebA shadow refers to a dark real silhouette of a person or an opaque object that is generated when the object or person obstructs the light coming from a light source. When the top circular view faces the shining object, a circular shape shadow is formed. With the help of a suitable diagram, show their formation. (a) Transparent Contrary to popular belief, the shadow is not entirely dependent on the size and the shape of the object. It only shows the shape or outline of the object and not the details. The This dark To know more about Transparent, Opaque and Translucent Objects, visit the link below; To know more about Shadow Formation, visit the link below; To know more about Pinhole Camera, visit the link below; A mirror is a surface usually consisting of a glass that reflects light incident on it to form clear erect images. (a) transparent object (d) none of these, Question 11. What type of images is formed by it? There are two types of eclipse. (d) none of these, Question 14. Answer: Any surface that is really well polished or shiny acts like a mirror. How does light travel? What information does a shadow give about an object? Question 1. (a) transparent Question 2. Answer: The objects which emit light of their own are called luminous bodies, e.g., the sun, the stars, etc. Images are formed by intersection of reflected rays whereas a shadows are formed when light does not reach behind the object. The worlds only live instant tutoring platform. Answer: Example: bulb, candle, torch, etc. Moon is a non-luminous body though it glows. The shadow is formed by the obstruction of light. Shadow is all about one part of a visual scene being darker than another. How will you convert a transparent glass sheet into a translucent sheet? WebShadow: Image is formed due to reflection or refraction of light: Shadow is formed when light falls on the opaque body. When the moon comes in between the sun and the earth, the shadow of the moon falls on the earth. Turn on the torch and place the object (whose shadow you want to study) in front of it. A pinhole camera is a simple camera that consists of a light-proof box, a thin film for a screen and a small aperture or hole to allow the passage of light rays. When Parthiv asked the reason she said, today is solar eclipse at 2:15 p.m. Parthiv made her relaxed and said this is a natural phenomenon and nothing bad or unpleasant things are related to this. (d) Wood, Question 13. For example, right side of the object appear as left side in the image. The distance between the umbras apex and the Moon appears to be approximately equal to the distance from the Moon to Earth i.e. Diffusion of light. Question 3. In a plane mirror our left hand looks like right hand. (a) a shadow Match the items given in column I suitably with those given in column II. Answer: Screen is a surface on which images are formed. Answer: Question 1. It is formed when light hits the opaque object which does not let the light pass through. The horizontal distance (in kilometers or miles) at which a large dark object can just be seen against the horizon sky in daylight. Why should we not look at the sun directly? Question 15. This spreading out is called diffraction. (d) none of these, Question 10. Question 2. Hold the screen on the other side of the object to get the shadow. Light travels in a The diameter of the Earth is about 3.7 times that of the Moon, therefore, the umbra ranges respectively beyond an estimated 1.4 million km or 870,000 mi. Example: Sun. What is a transparent object? Now connect to a tutor anywhere from the web. Why lunar eclipse not occur every month? : glass, Translucent objects allow light to pass through them partially. Answer: The area in shadow appears black because there is no light falling on it. ), Element 115, Moscovium:7 Interesting Facts. Answer: (a) luminous Answer: We need the following in order to see a shadow. Question 21. (c) sometimes erect, sometimes inverted Your email address will not be published. Method: Go out during the day and study your shadow. The word antumbra originated from Latin word ante which means before. Sun is the universal source of light. Can you think of a situation where we can see the path of the light? (b) translucent and (b) opaque object What is the difference between image and shadow?Answer: Question 6. What is this called? Torch, bulb, sun, firefly and a burning candle. (c) How does the formation of the image by a pinhole camera is affected by size of the hole? Transparent Object: An Object through which light is completely passed known as transparent object. surface. (c) Copper In this page, we are providing Light Shadows and Reflection Class 6 Extra Questions and Answers Science Chapter 11 pdf download. Question 25. Note the colour and the size of the shadow. Question 30. Theory of Relativity - Discovery, Postulates, Facts, and Examples, Difference and Comparisons Articles in Physics, Our Universe and Earth- Introduction, Solved Questions and FAQs, Travel and Communication - Types, Methods and Solved Questions, Interference of Light - Examples, Types and Conditions, Standing Wave - Formation, Equation, Production and FAQs, Fundamental and Derived Units of Measurement, Transparent, Translucent and Opaque Objects, Find Best Teacher for Online Tuition on Vedantu. They are formed due to the converging rays of light that comes after reflecting from objects. Answer: Q.9) If you stand before a plane mirror, your left hand appears right. (d) none of these, Question 25. Question 9. The shadow of an object is erect i.e same side up as the object. The pinhole image of the sun is rectangular. It is always either large or the same size as that of the object. The objects which allow light to pass through them are called It reflects almost whole of the light falling on it. However, the infection started to spread in 2017 to non-endemic regions such as North and South America, Europe, and Asia. This creates an area of darkness on the side of the object away from the source of light. Clear glass, clean water, cellophane paper and air. "There are two It helps us to see the objects from which it comes or from which it is reflected. A pinhole camera is a device which forms a photographic image of a bright object on a screen. Shadow formation. (d) none of these, Question 30. Solid wax is Answer: Because they reflect light from the sun. E.g. However, the infection started to spread in 2017 to non-endemic regions such as North and South America, Europe, and Asia. Question 15. Moon reflects the light of sun in the night. The size of a shadow depends on the size of the object. Real images always form on a screen. Learn about the definition of a rain shadow and see how it is formed by several natural factors. Question 3. : Butter paper, Opaque objects do not allow any light to pass through them. __________ helps us to see objects. How is it formed? (a) A thin sheet of paper(b) A thin glass slab(c) A thin iron sheet(d) All of these, (v) Bouncing back of light from shining surfaces is called, (a) Reflection(b) Refraction(c) Bending(d) Dispersion, (a) Image becomes inverted(b) Image bends laterally(c) Right of the object appears left of the image(d) All of these happen, Answer: (c) Right of the object appears left of the image. Images have colour, unlike shadows. Your Mobile number and Email id will not be published. Example: bulb, candle, torch, etc. A real image is formed by actual convergence of light rays. What are the two types of eclipse? WebPrivate tutoring is one of the unintended outcomes of high-stakes testing and has become a widespread global phenomenon. Similarly, dust particles become visible when light enters the room through fine hole.All these examples indicate that light travels in straight line. Which of the following is a luminous object? (a) transparent (b) inverted Shadow is formed due to the phenomenon of rectilineas propryation of light. When a ray of light falls on an opaque object, a dark patch is formed on the other side of the object whether it is on ground or it is on screen present on the other side of the object. A shadow is formed when light hits an opaque object which stops the rays of light from passing through it. Lung cancer may appear as a shadow, with or without a well-defined nodule or mass. Sun is a source of shadow to form. A shadow is formed when the sun's rays are traveling in your straight line towards the earth. The rays of the sun radiate outwards and these light rays travel nearly 300,000 km/sec in a straight line towards the earth. These light rays take only 8 minutes to reach us. It directly touches the path on the ground. An opaque object casts a dark shadow behind it because it prevents the light completely. When l = 0 or 0.25, the material flows to the outside of the rivet, and a vortex-like phenomenon is formed at the chamfered position. Answer: Web(i) Shadow: A dark patch formed behind an opaque body, when placed in the path of light. Answer: (d) Table, Question 8. Mainly there are two types of object based on their light emitting property: Luminous Objects: An object which has a tendency to produce light are known as luminous objects. Security mirrors 3. The light from outside enters through the small hole and forms an image on the screen that is inverted. Question 28. Therefore, light travels in a straight line. We have grown leaps and bounds to be the best Online Tuition Website in India with immensely talented Vedantu Master Teachers, from the most reputed institutions. Light is the energy that enables us to see. A shadow is formed when an opaque object is placed in the path of light. The ray of light that falls on a plane mirror is called As we know, the length of the shadow is proportional to the cotangent of the angle of elevation, we can say that, Ans. Answer: (ii) Scattering back of the light by shining surface, (iii) Object through which one can see clearly, (iv) Object through which one cannot see at all, (vi) Object through which we cannot see clearly, (vi) Phenomenon of changing left to right, (vii) Phenomenon of changing left to right. Features of Image Formed Due to Reflection: Ans. Connect with 50,000+ expert tutors in 60 seconds, 24X7 Ask a We can see only in the presence of light. (vii) Which letters of English alphabet will not show lateral inversion? Question 2. Answer: Mirror is silvered on one side, so it does not allow the light to pass through it. It is important for the students to go through these NCERT solutions to get knowledge of the type of question asked in the chapter. Answer: Question 19. Which of the following are transparent or allows light to pass through it? An object which does not allow passage to light is called an opaque object. In other words, a shadow of an object is a dark image formed by the obstruction of light caused by the object. How does it works? A shadow subjugates the entire three-dimensional volume of light approaching an object from behind. The working of a pinhole camera is based on the property of _________ propagation of light. The colour of opaque objects affect the dark colour of the shadow. (d) all of these, Question 38. The images formed by a mirror are erect and laterally inverted. Image source: C. G. P. Grey,British Library Gate Shadow,CC BY 2.0. The inner region of a shadow which is completely dark is called umbra and the outer region surrounding the umbra which is a partially dark region is called penumbra. Try to see a source of light; like a bulb or a candle; through the straight tube. This moist air often comes from the sea or from another large body of water. The shape of shadow depends upon the (d) none of these, Question 33. The main reason behind this is due to the Rayleigh scattering. Pinhole cameras consist of a closed box having a small pinhole in the front and having translucent screen at the back. (b) size of the object Why is the moon not considered as a luminous body? Shadow is formed when light falls on the opaque body. (b) He made a larger hole instead of a fine hole. Wood, metals, clay and black paper. (a) transparent objects Lateral inversion. Download Filo and start learning with your favourite tutors right away! Wax paper is a transparent object. WebShadows are formed because: A Opaque bodies allow the light to pass through them B Light can bend around the opaque bodies C Light rays cannot pass through the opaque The glass sheet of plane mirror offers a . (d) depends on the colour of object, Question 27. 4. There are three different forms of. (a) reflection (d) glass, Question 34. (b) opaque When sunlight falls in the leaves of a tree, the gaps between the leaves act as a natural pinhole camera. (ii) Light always travels in straight lines. Shadows give us an idea about the shapes of different objects. (c) rubber (iii) For the formation of shadow there must be Question 14. Answer: One can see clearly through these objects. Does the colour of the object affect the colour of the shadow? Characteristics of shadow are as follows: 1. His grandmother listen him carefully. This is something all of us must have noticed while seeing ourselves in the mirror. We can define shadow as A shadow is a dark region behind an opaque object where light is blocked by the object. Light does not bend its path of propagation if the size of the obstructing object is not comparable to the wavelength of (a) Electric bulb(b) Burning candle(c) Firefly (Jugnu)(d) Oil lamp. This phenomenon is a. Answer: It is a device which forms a photograph like image of a bright object on a screen. (c) Do you experienced such superstition in your life? Material needed: A mirror. (d) translucent, Question 7. We provide you year-long structured coaching classes for CBSE and ICSE Board & JEE and NEET entrance exam preparation at affordable tuition fees, with an exclusive session for clearing doubts, ensuring that neither you nor the topics remain unattended. Question 2. Question 4: In a completely dark room, if you hold up a mirror in front of you, will you see a reflection of yourself in the mirror? Source of light which is prepared by humans is known as man made source of light. The word penumbra originated from the Latin word paene which means almost or nearly. (b) Translucent 11. A virtual image is the apparent convergence of diverging light rays. Classify the following into transparent, opaque and translucent objects:Wax, spectacles, a heap of salt, a stone, dense smoke, wood, skin, balloon, rubber, membrane of a tabla, blood and milk. 3. (d) none of these, Question 5. (c) eclipse (a) Transparent objects: Objects through which light can pass easily are called transparent objects, e.g., clean glass, clean water, clean air, etc. In this case, the shadows formed are smaller in length and are cast directly underneath the objects mostly. It is called shadow education because it mimics the mainstream curriculum. Answer: Opaque: A piece of rock, a sheet of aluminium, a mirror, a wooden board, a CD, a piece of red hot iron, an umbrella, a lighted fluorescent tube, a wall, a sheet of carbon paper, the flame of a gas burner, a sheet of cardboard, a lighted torch, kerosene stove, sun, firefly, moon. But he was unable to get the image of a well lit object. Moon does not have light of its own. Substances through which light can pass partially and things cannot be seen clearly through them are The size of shadow totally depends on distance between object As the length of the shadow is directly proportional to the cotangent of the elevation angle, we can say that in this case the shadows are very long. Fig (1): It is used to understand the phenomenon of rectilinear propagation of light. Question 6. Air is Tamilnadu Board Class 10 English Solutions, Tamilnadu Board Class 9 Science Solutions, Tamilnadu Board Class 9 Social Science Solutions, Tamilnadu Board Class 9 English Solutions, MCQ Questions for Class 6 Science with Answers, MCQ Questions for Class 6 Science Chapter 10 Motion and Measurement of Distances with Answers, MCQ Questions for Class 6 Science Chapter 12 Electricity and Circuits with Answers, The Hundred Dresses Part 2 Class 10 MCQ Questions with Answers English Chapter 6, What Is Modernism In Literature? Question 6. Question 2. (c) incident ray This dark region is called a shadow. A plane mirror changes the direction of light that falls on it. (b) Translucent objects: Objects through which light can pass partially and through which we cannot see clearly are called translucent objects, e.g., greased paper, wax paper, butter paper, etc. Question 26. Answer: Give four examples of translucent object. Therefore, it can be said that the two factors are proportional. Answer: The glass sheet having a polished, shiny, smooth and reflective surface on the other side is called a mirror. (a) inverted Question 19. In other words, a shadow of an object is a dark image formed by the obstruction of light caused by the object. Question 3. Answer: The plane mirror shines due to the silver coating. WebShadow is formed due to the phenomenon of rectilinear propagationof light. Question 4. (b) translucent (a) Firefly (Jugnu)(b) Tube light(c) The sun(d) Electric bulb. (a) straight line(b) curved line(c) zig-zag line(d) randomly, (ii) When an opaque object comes in the path of light it forms, (a) an image with colours(b) shadow(c) black and white image(d) depends on the colour of the light. Benign tumors may similarly appear as a shadow or a spot. Whether a shadow is two-dimensional or three-dimensional? (b) translucent object The following three things are required for a shadow to form: A shadow will not form if any of these is absent. This property of light is called rectilinear propagation of light. (d) all of these, Question 39. If the observer is located within an umbra, then the observer is likely to perceive a total eclipse. Images formed by a pinhole camera are upside down, i.e., inverted images. (a) transparent A shadow has the following three characteristics: A very interesting phenomenon occurs when an object forms an image by reflection. When l = 0 or 0.25, the material flows to the outside of the rivet, and a vortex-like phenomenon is formed at the chamfered position. (b) lighted match-stick The dark area is called a shadow. Answer: The light comes back in the same plan when light falls on a shiny surface. Question 4. (c) a straight line [1] Estimations of other elements, such as the outline and dimension of features, can be supported by the shadow element. Darkness is rather subjective. and . When an opaque object comes in the way of light it makes Answer: : Earth, trees, Transparent objects allow light to pass through them without getting scattered. What do we need in order to see a shadow? The colour of the image formed by a plane mirror is same as that of the object. This enables us to see images. Some common examples of sources of light are sun, bulb,etc. Answer: It is a form of energy which makes objects visible as we cannot see objects in darkness.During day time sunlight acts as a source of energy which makes everything visible whereas at night we use artificial sources of light for seeing objects. A shadow needs a screen where it is formed, for example, the ground, or walls of a room or even the surfaces of buildings. Question 3. The center part of the shadow, which gets no light at all, is the darkest region and is called the umbra. Question 2. Answer: A pinhole camera uses a lens to form a real and inverted image. PlantsAnimalsHuman BodyPhysicsChemistryQuiz. Silvering makes it shiny and the shiny surface helps in reducing the absorption. a bright ring of light enclosing the eclipsing body. Images gives more information about the objects such as colour, structure, etc., whereas shadows do not provide such information. Question 3. Question 25. Image formed by a pinhole camera is (c) A thin iron sheet The unlighted area is called the shadow. Shadows are formed when an _________ object comes in the path of light. Different objects ) which letters of English alphabet will not be published side, so does... Reflected rays whereas a shadows are formed by a pinhole camera is a dark patch formed behind opaque. Two it helps us to see a shadow or a candle ; the! You stand before a plane mirror our left hand appears right erect in bright light this difference more!: glass, Question 11 belief, the incidence angle is smaller, shadow is.. Apparent convergence of light why should we not look at the back anywhere from the source of light by! Called an opaque object which does not allow the light and laterally inverted makes it and. Of a well lit object earth i.e therefore, it can be said that the two factors are.. Front of it mirror, your left hand appears right image and shadow? answer: Since then the. Help of a pinhole camera uses a lens to form a real image is apparent... Body, when placed in the chapter the mainstream curriculum only 8 minutes to reach us a. Spread in 2017 to non-endemic regions such as colour, structure, etc., whereas shadows do allow... And South America, Europe, and Asia will you convert a transparent sheet. The details inverted image to study ) in front of it the entire three-dimensional volume of light caused by obstruction... The moon not considered as a shadow is formed due to the phenomenon of rectilinear light... Are upside down, i.e., inverted images the difference between image shadow... Turn on the size of the shadow is not entirely dependent on the other side is called shadow because! ) light always travels in straight line towards the earth shining object, a shape... And ( b ) size of the following are transparent or allows light to pass through it the or. Reflective surface on the size of the object to get the image Go out during the day study. Natural factors is important for the students to Go through these objects, translucent objects allow light to pass them... Question 25 is placed in the night paene which means almost or nearly which letters of English alphabet will show! ) Table, Question 14 see a source of light is blocked the.: a pinhole camera is affected by size of the shadow is longer in. Entirely dependent on the colour shadow is formed due to the phenomenon of the object ( d ) glass, translucent objects allow to. Shadows formed are smaller in length and are cast directly underneath the objects which allow light to pass through partially. In your life this difference is more pronounced i.e think of a shadow is formed to. Actual convergence of diverging light rays travel nearly 300,000 km/sec in a plane is!, dust particles become visible when light falls on it allow light to pass through Question 34 stand a! Extent of reflection depends upon the shine and smoothness of the shadow the of. The apparent convergence of light what are the essential conditions for formation of the shadow through it room! Natural factors about the objects which emit light of sun in the path the! By actual convergence of light caused by the object and not the details it reflects almost whole of object! Actual convergence of light are sun, bulb, sun, the infection started to spread in to... About an object from behind the chapter comes or from another large body of water at,...: Butter paper, opaque objects do not provide such information the opaque.!, clean water, cellophane paper and air objects affect the dark area is called the umbra is also the. Only shows the shape or outline of the sun radiate outwards and these light rays nearly! Question 33 this dark region behind an opaque object where light is shadow is formed due to the phenomenon of by the object away from source! Suitably with those given in column I suitably with those given in column I suitably with given! Incidence angle is smaller, shadow is longer Latin word paene which means before are it... Hole instead of a closed box having a polished, shiny, smooth and reflective surface the! Shape or outline of the moon appears to be approximately equal to the distance the..., clean water, cellophane paper and air become a widespread global.! May similarly appear as a shadow rectilineas propryation of light: shadow is formed due to the scattering... Then he/she can see only in the path of light rays entirely dependent on the of! An observer is located within an umbra, then the observer is placed in the chapter you experienced superstition! Right hand another large body of water shadow is formed due to the phenomenon of because they reflect light outside... Pinhole camera are upside down, i.e., inverted images energy that us! Minutes to reach us shadow or a candle ; through the small hole and forms an image on size! Experienced such superstition in your straight line Any surface that is inverted this creates an area of formed. Does not allow Any light to pass through them partially, smooth and reflective surface on which images are.... ( d ) none of these, Question 12 object appear as left in... Extent of reflection depends upon the ( d ) all of these Question! Pronounced i.e expert tutors in 60 seconds, 24X7 Ask a we can an. Passing through it, shadow is formed when light falls on the size of the surface the that! Also change from season to season none of these, Question 5 been sporadic surface on the size a. Are sun, the incidence angle is smaller, shadow is formed when light hits an opaque body of is. The shining object, Question 39 shadow? answer: web ( I ) shadow: a camera... Filo and start learning with your favourite tutors right away reflection ( d all. Change from season to season reflect light from the sun radiate outwards and these light rays travel nearly 300,000 in. Shadow, which gets no light at all, is the darkest region and is called a of. Shadow give about an object is a dark image formed by the.! By humans is known as transparent object ( d ) none of these, Question 14 travels straight. The web Since then, the shadow umbra, then the observer located... Through fine hole.All these examples indicate that light travels in straight line allow passage light. Whole of the object image of a shadow one part of a bright ring of light rays travel nearly km/sec. Water, cellophane paper and air through them are called luminous bodies, e.g., the shadow it the! From another large body of water suitable diagram, show their formation water, cellophane paper and.! A we can define shadow as a shadow, CC by 2.0 mirror our left hand appears.... Form a real image is formed when light enters the room through hole.All! Direction of light image on the size of the light of their own called. A screen where we can define shadow as a shadow subjugates the entire three-dimensional of... ) for the students to Go through these objects the distance between the sun directly change from season to?... The earth, the stars, etc is located within an umbra, then he/she can see only in chapter. And laterally inverted pass through them are called it reflects almost whole of the object get. Originated from the sea or from another large body of water be approximately equal to the phenomenon rectilinear... Inverted image always either large or the same plan when light falls on the colour opaque. Parthiv is shown here such superstition in your life on it which does allow. It can be said that the two factors are proportional bodies, e.g., infection. Shadow there must be Question 14 of diverging light rays take only 8 minutes to reach us column II the. The image by a pinhole camera is affected by size of the object in a plane mirror shines to! Has been sporadic the energy that enables us to see the path of the object it because it prevents light. These NCERT solutions to get the image formed due to the converging rays light... Suitably with those given in column II light ; like a bulb or a spot: According to Navigation! Image on the other side of the object as the object ( whose shadow you want to study in. ( iii ) for the students to Go through these objects out during the day and study your.! Camera uses a lens to shadow is formed due to the phenomenon of a real and inverted image laterally inverted iron sheet unlighted. Or allows light to pass through it side in the antumbra region, then he/she can see an eclipse., firefly and a burning candle and study your shadow is a surface on which images are formed travel 300,000... We not look at the back obstruction is called an opaque object does. Fig ( 1 ): it is formed due to the Rayleigh scattering your number... Affected by size of the object ( d ) Table, Question 34 inverted is... Incidence angle is smaller, shadow is longer large or the same size that! Being darker than another shadows formed are smaller in length and are cast underneath... A polished, shiny, smooth and reflective surface on which images are formed comes... Ncert solutions to get knowledge of the object, bulb, candle, torch etc. Formation of shadow there must be Question 14 different objects endemic regions were identified Africas... An object which stops the rays of light caused by the obstruction is called a mirror penumbra from. Right away the infection started to spread in 2017 to non-endemic regions such as North South...
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